Formative assessment has to do with measurements and conclusions made during the course of a learning program. An example of a formative assessment is an ungraded pop quiz after the second learning session to get an idea of how the learners are doing.
Summative assessments are assessments made at the end of a learning program. These are the final judgements about the achievements of the learners. An example of a summative assessment is a final exam at the end of a class.
Criterion-referenced assessments are designed to see if a learner has reached a set level of competence. This is the preferred method. These are like tests designed to compare the knowledge of a group of people, like an EMT test.
Norm-referenced assessments are used when there is no agreement on what a person must know, such as studying literature in English class.
Self-referenced assessments are used when the student has a personal goal. The indicator of success is the learner's own opinion.
Self-directed learning is done by people who are capable of postformal thought. In other words, they prefer a learning environment where they control what is learned and how they learn it. They constantly want feedback and see their educators as colleagues instead of authority figures.
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